Molecular genetics and control of iron metabolism in hemochromatosis

Background and Objectives. Hereditary hemochromatosis (HC) is an inborn error of iron metabolism that leads to progressive iron overload. Considerable advances in the knowledge of molecular events in iron metabolism have been recently obtained. These molecular findings, the cloning of the gene responsible for HC (HFE gene) and the results of preliminary studies on the HFE protein prompted us to review this topic. information Sources. The material examined in this review article includes papers and abstracts published in the Journals covered by the Science Citation Index(C) and Medline(C). The authors have been working in the field of HC for several years and have contributed eleven of the quoted papers. State of Art and Perspective. HC is now recognized as the genetic disease characterized by the homozygosity for the Cys --> Tyr substitution at position 282 (C282Y) of the HFE protein. The mutation abolishes the association of the HFE protein with beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M), making the complex unable to gain the cell surface. Thus HC is an example of abnormal trafficking of the corresponding proteins. It Is clear by the analysis of its structure that HFE protein is not an iron transporter itself, but has a regulatory role in iron metabolism. Its peculiar localization in the crypt cells of the small intestine suggests an important role in iron trafficking at this level. However, other proteins are involved in iron uptake, as the recently cloned Nramp2, the first iron transporter discovered in mammalians. Nramp2 has a recognized role both in the intestinal iron uptake and in the iron transport within the erythroblast. The relationships between HFE and Nramp2 are still unexplored. The recent association of HFE gene with transferrin receptor (TfR) in trophoblast cells opens new possibilities on its role in cellular iron uptake. The existence of other forms of genetic iron overload suggests that the scenario of iron proteins is not yet fully defined. Further studies in this field will contribute to our knowledge of iron metabolism regulation in humans. (C)1998, Ferrata Storti Foundation

A Portuguese patient homozygous for the -25G>A mutation of the HAMP promoter shows evidence of steady-state transcription but fails to up-regulate hepcidin levels by iron.

Blood. 2005 Oct 15;106(8):2922-3. A Portuguese patient homozygous for the -25G>A mutation of the HAMP promoter shows evidence of steady-state transcription but fails to up-regulate hepcidin levels by iron. Porto G, Roetto A, Daraio F, Pinto JP, Almeida S, Bacelar C, Nemeth E, Ganz T, Camaschella C. PMID: 16204153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Free Article Publication Types, MeSH Terms, SubstancesPublication Types: Letter Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH Terms: Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics* Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/urine Glycine/genetics* Hemochromatosis/genetics Homozygote* Humans Iron/pharmacology* Mutation/genetics Portugal Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics* Transcription, Genetic/genetics* Up-Regulation/drug effects* Substances: Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides hepcidin Glycine Iron LinkOut - more resourcesFull Text Sources: HighWire Press EBSCO Other Literature Sources: COS Scholar Universe Medical: Genetics Home Reference - HAMP Gene - Genetics Home Reference Molecular Biology Databases: IRON - HSDB GLYCINE - HSD

Iron causes lipid oxidation and inhibits proteasome function in multiple myeloma cells: A proof of concept for novel combination therapies

Adaptation to import iron for proliferation makes cancer cells potentially sensitive to iron toxicity. Iron loading impairs multiple myeloma (MM) cell proliferation and increases the efficacy of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Here, we defined the mechanisms of iron toxicity in MM.1S, U266, H929, and OPM-2 MM cell lines, and validated this strategy in preclinical studies using Vk*MYC mice as MM model. High-dose ferric ammonium citrate triggered cell death in all cell lines tested, increasing malondialdehyde levels, the by-product of lipid peroxidation and index of ferroptosis. In addition, iron exposure caused dose-dependent accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins in highly iron-sensitive MM.1S and H929 cells, suggesting that proteasome workload contributes to iron sensitivity. Accordingly, high iron concentrations inhibited the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity of 26S particles and of MM cellular extracts in vitro. In all MM cells, bortezomib-iron combination induced persistent lipid damage, exacerbated bortezomib-induced polyubiquitinated proteins accumulation, and triggered cell death more efficiently than individual treatments. In Vk*MYC mice, addition of iron dextran or ferric carboxymaltose to the bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) regimen increased the therapeutic response and prolonged remission without causing evident toxicity. We conclude that iron loading interferes both with redox and protein homeostasis, a property that can be exploited to design novel combination strategies including iron supplementation, to increase the efficacy of current MM therapies

The EHA research roadmap: anemias

In 2016, the European Hematology Association (EHA) published the EHA Roadmap for European Hematology Research1 aiming to highlight achievements in the diagnostics and treatment of blood disorders, and to better inform European policy makers and other stakeholders about the urgent clinical and scientific needs and priorities in the field of hematology. Each section was coordinated by one to two section editors who were leading international experts in the field. In the five years that have followed, advances in the field of hematology have been plentiful. As such, EHA is pleased to present an updated Research Roadmap, now including eleven sections, each of which will be published separately. The updated EHA Research Roadmap identifies the most urgent priorities in hematology research and clinical science, therefore supporting a more informed, focused, and ideally a more funded future for European hematology research. The eleven EHA Research Roadmap sections include Normal Hematopoiesis; Malignant Lymphoid Diseases; Malignant Myeloid Diseases; Anemias and Related Diseases; Platelet Disorders; Blood Coagulation and Hemostatic Disorders; Transfusion Medicine; Infections in Hematology; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; CAR-T and Other Cellbased Immune Therapies; and Gene Therap

Factors regulating Hb F synthesis in thalassemic diseases

BACKGROUND: The thalassemic syndromes originate from mutations of the globin genes that cause, besides the characteristic clinical picture, also an increased Hb F amount. It is not yet clear if there are more factors, besides the beta globin genotype, determining the Hb F production. We have tried to find out if there are relations between total Hb and Hb F, between erythropoietin (Epo) and Hb F, between Hb F and point mutations of the gamma gene promoters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hematologic parameters, iron status, alpha/non-alpha globin ratio, Epo level, and thalassemic defects of the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin genes were explored using standard methods in patients affected by thalassemic diseases. Ninety-five non thalassemic individuals have been examined as controls. RESULTS: Two clinical variants of beta-thalassemia intermedia referred to as beta-thal int sub-silent and evident are associated with distinct sets of mutations of the beta-globin gene. Silent beta thal mutations are invariably associated with sub-silent beta thal int; beta° or severe beta(+) thal mutations are associated with evident beta thal int (88%) and almost invariably (98%) with thalassemia major. A positive correlation was observed between the severity of the disease and the Hb F level, but no correlation was found between the Hb F and erythropoietin (Epo) level. The mutation Ggamma -158 C→T was detected in 26.9% of patients affected by beta-thal int sub-silent and evident, respectively, but only in 2% of patients with thalassemia major. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of beta-thal int and the increased Hb F level are strictly dependent from the type of beta-globin gene mutations. No relation is found between Hb F synthesis and Epo secretion. The mutation Ggamma -158 C→T, common among patients affected by beta-thal int and very rare in thal major patients, does not seem, in this study, to influence the Hb F content in beta thal int patients

Allele frequencies of hemojuvelin gene (HJV) I222N and G320V missense mutations in white and African American subjects from the general Alabama population

BACKGROUND: Homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for coding region mutations of the hemojuvelin gene (HJV) in whites is a cause of early age-of-onset iron overload (juvenile hemochromatosis), and of hemochromatosis phenotypes in some young or middle-aged adults. HJV coding region mutations have also been identified recently in African American primary iron overload and control subjects. Primary iron overload unexplained by typical hemochromatosis-associated HFE genotypes is common in white and black adults in Alabama, and HJV I222N and G320V were detected in a white Alabama juvenile hemochromatosis index patient. Thus, we estimated the frequency of the HJV missense mutations I222N and G320V in adult whites and African Americans from Alabama general population convenience samples. METHODS: We evaluated the genomic DNA of 241 Alabama white and 124 African American adults who reported no history of hemochromatosis or iron overload to detect HJV missense mutations I222N and G320V using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Analysis for HJV I222N was performed in 240 whites and 124 African Americans. Analysis for HJV G320V was performed in 241 whites and 118 African Americans. RESULTS: One of 240 white control subjects was heterozygous for HJV I222N; she was also heterozygous for HFE C282Y, but had normal serum iron measures and bone marrow iron stores. HJV I222N was not detected in 124 African American subjects. HJV G320V was not detected in 241 white or 118 African American subjects. CONCLUSIONS: HJV I222N and G320V are probably uncommon causes or modifiers of primary iron overload in adult whites and African Americans in Alabama. Double heterozygosity for HJV I222N and HFE C282Y may not promote increased iron absorption